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Decarboxylation - A reaction that invlves loss of carbon dioxide from the starting material. B-Keto acids dcarboxylatie particularly readily on heating.
Dehydration - A reaction that involves loss of water from the starting material. Most alcohols can be dehydrated to yeild alkenes, but aldol condenstion products (B-hydorxy ketones) dehydrate particularly readily.
Denaturation - The physical changes that occur in proteins when secondary and tertiary structures are disrupted. Denaturation is usually brought about by heat treatmetnt or by a change in pH and is accompanied by a loss of biological activity.
Diastereomer - A term that indicates the relationship between non-mirror-image stereoisomers. Diastereomers are stereoisomers that have the same configuration at one or more stereogenic centers, but differ at other stereogneic centers.
Elasteromers - Amorphous polymers that have the ability to stretch out and then return to their previous shape. These polymers have irregular shapes that prevent crystallite formation and have little cross-linking between chanis.
Fat - A solid triacylglycerol derived from animal sources.
Group state - The most stable, lowest-energy electronic configuration of a molecule.
Heat of Hydrogenation - The amount of heat released when a compound is burned in a calorimeter according to thje equation.
Isoelectric point - The pH at which the number of positive charges and the number of negative charges on a protein or an amino acid are balanced.
Kinetic control - Reactions that followthe lowest activation-energy pathway are said to be kinetically controlled. The product formed in a kinetically controlled reaciton is the one that is formed most rapidly, but is not necessarily the most stable.
Lipid - A naturally occurring substance isolatied from cells and tissues by extraction with nonpolar solvents. Lipids belong to many different structural classes, including fats, terpenes, prostaglandins, and steroids.
Micelle - A spherica cluster of soap-like molecules that aggrgate in aqueous solution. The ionic heads of the molecules lie on the outside where they are solvated by water, and the organic tails bunch together on the inside of the micelle.
Normal alkanes - A straight-chain alkance, as opposed to a branched alkance. Normal alkances are denoted by the suffix n.
Optical isomers - enantiomers. Optical isomers are isomers that have a mirror-image relationship.
Peptides - Amino acid polymers in which the individual amino acid residues are linked by amide bonds.
Quaternary structure - The highest level of protein structure, involving a specific aggregation of indivivdual proteins into a larger cluster.
Racemic mixture - A mixture consisting of equal parts (+) and (-) enatiomers of a chiral substance. Even though the individual molecules are chiral, racemic mixtures are optically inactive.
Secondary structure - The level of protein substructuret that involves organization of chain sections into ordered arrangements such as B-pleated sheets or a-helices.
Tertiary structure - The level of protein structure that involves the manner in which the entire protein chain is folded into a specific three-dimnesional arrangement.
Unsaturated - An unsaturated molecule is one that has multiple bonds and acan undergo additon reactions. Alkenes and alkynes, for example, are unsaturated.
Van der Waals forces - The attractive forces between molecules that are caused by dipole-dipole interactions. Van der Waals forces are one of the primary forces responsible for holding molecules together in the liquid and solid states.
Wavelength - The length of a wavefrom peak to peak. The wavelength of electromagnetic radiation is inversely proportional to frequency and inversely proportional to energy.
Xanthophyll - A carotenoid alcohol pigment which has a yellow colour. It is one of the most widespread carotenoid pigments found in nature, and is commonly isolated from egg yolk. It has no vitamin A activity.
Ylide - A neutral dipolar molecule in which the positive and negative charges are adjacent. The phosporanes used in Wittig reactions are ylides.
Zaitev's rule - A rule stating that E2 elimination reactions normally yield the more highly substituted alkene as major product.
Zusammen (Z) - A term used to describe the stereochemistry of a carbon-carbon double bond. The two groups on each carbon are assigned priorities according to the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog sequence rules, and the two carbons are compared. If the high-priority groups on each carbon are on the same side of the double bond, the bond has Z geometry.
Zwitterion - A neutral dipolar molecule in whic the positive and negative charges are not adjacent. Zwitterions are also called betaines.